civil engineering specialty。短語 1、I studied civil e、ngineering specialty 我學(xué)的是土木工程專業(yè) 2、architectural civil engineering specialty 建筑工程專業(yè) 3、civil engineering specialty group 建筑工程技術(shù)專業(yè)群 例句

4. 土木工程 civil engineering 除房屋建筑外,為新建、改建或擴(kuò)建各類工程的建筑物、構(gòu)筑物和相關(guān)配套設(shè)施等所進(jìn)行的勘察、規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)、施工、安裝和維護(hù)等各項(xiàng)技術(shù)工作和完成的工程實(shí)體。 5. 公路工程 highway engineering 為新建或改建

Keywords: TLA-SBS composite modified asphalt; bridge deck; quality control 或者 Topic: Shanghai Yangtze river bridge TLA - SBS composite modified asphalt SMA deck pavement construction quality control Abstract: aimin

Civil Engineering，教科書上封面有這個(gè)英文翻譯的?？啥嗔粢猓海?/p>

土木工程英文 “ciil engineering”翻譯為“土木工程”，要從兩個(gè)方面來看成因。①“civil engineering”及相關(guān)詞匯的含義在不斷發(fā)展變化。②從西文翻譯為東方文字（中文/日文）時(shí)的考量與變化。有答主提到，“civil”在“civil

土木工程英文翻譯,很簡單,急,給分。

工程management.Many土木工程專業(yè)是不完全的范圍內(nèi)的其他人能夠開始其職業(yè)生涯的管理posstions 。民間工程師經(jīng)理結(jié)合技術(shù)知識(shí)，有能力的工人arganize和協(xié)調(diào)能力，建材，機(jī)械，和金錢。這些工程師們可以在政府中工作，市，縣，州，

第十二節(jié) 工程結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)常用的物理學(xué)、數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)、水力學(xué)、巖土力學(xué)和結(jié)構(gòu)抗震術(shù)語 工程結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)常用的物理學(xué)、數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)、水力學(xué)、土力學(xué)和結(jié)構(gòu)抗震術(shù)語及其涵義應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定：1． 磨擦系數(shù) coefficient of friction 在兩物體接觸

3．重力壩 gravity dam 主要依靠自身重力，抵抗壅水作用于壩體的推力以保持穩(wěn)定的壩。4．拱壩 arch dam 平面呈拱向上游的曲線形壩，主要依靠拱的作用將壅水作用于壩體的推力傳至兩岸，以保持穩(wěn)定的壩。5．支墩壩 buttress

鋼性穩(wěn)定性數(shù)值分析的一個(gè)具體的單一列橋isintroduced。橋的承載能力計(jì)算的情況下thebearings分離。使橋推翻的主要因素進(jìn)行了分析,并給出了thepreventive措施。結(jié)果為類似的設(shè)計(jì)提供參考projectsand駕駛需求。IntroductionSin***列

第四節(jié) 橋、涵洞和隧道術(shù)語 1. 橋 bridge 為公路、鐵路、城市道路、管線、行人等跨越河流、山谷、道路等天然或人工障礙而建造的架空建筑物。2. 簡支梁橋 simple supported girder bridge 以簡支梁作為橋跨結(jié)構(gòu)的主要承重構(gòu)件

1. 工程結(jié)構(gòu) building and civil engineering structures 房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、構(gòu)筑物及其相關(guān)組成部分的總稱。2. 工程結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) design of building and civil engineering structures 在工程結(jié)構(gòu)的可靠與經(jīng)濟(jì)、適用與美觀

Lesson 7 Transportation Systems交通運(yùn) 輸系統(tǒng) Transportation system in a developed nation consists of a network of modes that have evolved over many years. The system consists of vehicles, guideways, terminal facili

李嘉主編的第三版土木工程專業(yè)英語的翻譯。

3.3.2 in the assembly process, the class and group leaders and assembly should carefully read the map and record important data, processes, and installation of pipelines to the scope, found problems in a

與成本控制,最重要的決議的質(zhì)量,在設(shè)備完成設(shè)計(jì)和規(guī)劃階段,而不是在施工期間。正是在這種初步階段,即組件配置、物料規(guī)范和功能性能決定。施工過程的質(zhì)量控制,由大量的確保符合原先的設(shè)計(jì)和規(guī)劃的決定。

Construction Safty:Safty in construction is the most important item in all construction items. it covers all the safty matters during the operation, including management, finance and logistic system et al.The gove

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, da

我們比以往任何時(shí)候更多地依賴于團(tuán)隊(duì)建設(shè)承包商和發(fā)明人誰設(shè)計(jì)和建造以及維護(hù)復(fù)雜的環(huán)境，環(huán)繞著我們的日常生活。一個(gè)民間的施工隊(duì)伍的工作/工程師以上僅僅是這些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)方面。他們有很多活動(dòng)，包括起草，決策，人機(jī)交互，通

求一篇施工方面文章及英文翻譯 謝

摘要 鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)是單層工業(yè)廠房中一種常見的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。特別是近十多年來，隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的迅速發(fā)展，由于生產(chǎn)的需要，這類結(jié)構(gòu)以其造價(jià)低，適用范圍廣等優(yōu)點(diǎn)而獲得廣泛的應(yīng)用。本工程為統(tǒng)建食品加工廠車間，是一矩形單層

對(duì)科學(xué)方法的物理和數(shù)學(xué)問題適用于土木工程最早的例子之一是阿基米德在公元前3世紀(jì)，包括阿基米德的原則，鞏固我們的浮力的認(rèn)識(shí)，如阿基米德螺旋切實(shí)可行的解決辦法的工作。婆羅門，印度數(shù)學(xué)家，用在公元7世紀(jì)算法的基礎(chǔ)上，印度教

Engineers apply the principles of science and mathematics to develop economical solutions to technical problems. Their work is the link between perceived social needs and commercial applications.Engineersconsider many fa

airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程，它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對(duì)象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程設(shè)施，也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進(jìn)行的勘測(cè)，設(shè)計(jì)施工，保養(yǎng)，維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。土木工程隨著人類社

要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須是英文,然后帶有中文翻譯4.論文中要出現(xiàn)摘要和參考文獻(xiàn)郵箱是1178171161@qq 如果查收符合以上要求,立即采納,不勝感激 要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須

我急需一篇關(guān)于土木工程的中英文翻譯論文 5000字 畢業(yè)用的

摘要：為了研究連續(xù)型拓?fù)鋬?yōu)化理論在實(shí)際工程中的應(yīng)用，該文給出了一種多層鋼框架支撐體系連續(xù)型拓?fù)鋬?yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方法?；陟`敏度分析，探討了連續(xù)體結(jié)構(gòu)在多工況荷載作用下、同時(shí)受應(yīng)力和多位移約束的拓?fù)鋬?yōu)化刪除準(zhǔn)則。為保證拓?fù)?/p>

這些都是PEC土木工程英語證書考試的輔導(dǎo)用書。應(yīng)該是最好的了。內(nèi)容覆蓋:鋼結(jié)構(gòu)、混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)、砌體結(jié)構(gòu)、地基與基礎(chǔ)、建筑材料與施工技術(shù)。主要考察土木工程類專業(yè)術(shù)語的閱讀與理解。 本科畢業(yè)生土木工程專業(yè)參考文獻(xiàn)怎么寫 參考文獻(xiàn)就是你所

土木工程施工是土木工程專業(yè)的一門主干課。其主要任務(wù)是研究土木工程施工技術(shù)和施工組織的一般規(guī)律;土木工程中主要工種工程施工方法和工藝原理;施工項(xiàng)目科學(xué)的組織原理以及土木工程施工中的新技術(shù)、新材料、新工藝的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用。新的《土木工

2014-08-06 土木工程外文文獻(xiàn) 21 2015-05-18 求一篇關(guān)于土木工程的外文翻譯或者文獻(xiàn)。 2015-05-04 求土木工程畢業(yè)論文外文參考文獻(xiàn) 2013-05-06 求一篇關(guān)于土木工程的外國文獻(xiàn)(5000)帶翻譯的。最好是pd 2012-06-13 土木工程

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, da

建筑承包商雇用的勞動(dòng)力,一般有大工和小工。大工再建筑工程中從事技術(shù)活,如木工,管道工,工會(huì)成員和電工工會(huì),小工則執(zhí)行了分配給他們的工作。在施工期間,一切工作都要驗(yàn)收。因此,業(yè)主通過建筑師和監(jiān)理經(jīng)常進(jìn)行督查。可能是名為工程員,建筑

[1] Allen H G and Bulson P S.Background to Bucking London Mcraw-Hill(UK) 1980 [2] David. I. Keli Lan Yang Aihua. Project Management Strategy and Implementation. China Machine Press 2002 (The

土木工程外文文獻(xiàn)

the structure of life for 50 years.Its main work is divided into four parts: the project in terms of the design construction, construction site, floor plan design, preparation of construction schedule. Calculate

畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文施工組織設(shè)計(jì)文獻(xiàn)綜述 施工組織設(shè)計(jì)的作用是對(duì)擬建工程施工的全過程實(shí)行科學(xué)的管理的重要手段。通過施工組織設(shè)計(jì)的編制,可以全面考慮擬建工程的各種施工條件,揚(yáng)長避短,擬定合理的施工方案,確定施工順序、施工方法、勞動(dòng)組織和技術(shù)

要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須是英文,然后帶有中文翻譯4.論文中要出現(xiàn)摘要和參考文獻(xiàn)郵箱是1178171161@qq 如果查收符合以上要求,立即采納,不勝感激 要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須

一個(gè)總承包商承擔(dān)一個(gè)建筑整體的責(zé)任。從事分包的承建商則需承擔(dān)建造工程所需的各個(gè)工作。例如,管道承包商安裝水管,電業(yè)承辦商安裝電氣系統(tǒng),電梯則由電梯承包商安裝。他們與總承包商簽訂合同,費(fèi)用由總承包商支付。 有時(shí)候,除了一個(gè)總承包

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程，它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對(duì)象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程設(shè)施，也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進(jìn)行的勘測(cè)，設(shè)計(jì)施工，保養(yǎng)，維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。土木工程隨著人類社

我的 急求一篇關(guān)于土木工程的英語論文,翻譯成中文3000字左右!!! 100  我來答 1個(gè)回答 #話題# 勞動(dòng)節(jié)純純『干貨』,等你看!開心辭典_ 2010-03-04 · TA獲得超過6003個(gè)贊 知道大有可為答主 回答量:1951 采納率:0%

我的 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯,不少于3000個(gè)單詞 5 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬分感謝!!! 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)需要用。有的朋友麻煩上

急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯,不少于3000個(gè)單詞

一般要有這樣幾部分組成：提出問題，闡明基本概念和基本觀念；分析問題，說明為什么要堅(jiān)持你的觀點(diǎn)；解決問題，拿出解決問題方案，至于順序，你可根據(jù)你的文章去定。也就是說論文由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、引證、論證、結(jié)論等幾個(gè)部分構(gòu)成。 1、題目 題目應(yīng)恰當(dāng)、準(zhǔn)確地反映本課題的研究內(nèi)容。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的中文題目應(yīng)不超過25字，并不設(shè)副標(biāo)題。 2、 摘要與關(guān)鍵詞 摘要：摘要是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）內(nèi)容的簡要陳述，是一篇具有獨(dú)立性和完整性的短文。摘要應(yīng)包括本設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的創(chuàng)造性成果及其理論與實(shí)際意義。摘要中不宜使用公式、圖表，不標(biāo)注引用文獻(xiàn)編號(hào)。避免將摘要寫成目錄式的內(nèi)容介紹。 關(guān)鍵詞：關(guān)鍵詞是供檢索用的主題詞條，應(yīng)采用能覆蓋畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）主要內(nèi)容的通用技術(shù)詞條（參照相應(yīng)的技術(shù)術(shù)語標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）。關(guān)鍵詞一般列3～5個(gè)，按詞條的外延層次排列（外延大的排在前面）。 3、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）正文 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）正文包括緒論、論文主體及結(jié)論等部分。 （一）選題畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）題目應(yīng)符合本專業(yè)的培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)和教學(xué)要求，具有綜合性和創(chuàng)新性。本科生要根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際情況和專業(yè)特長，選擇適當(dāng)?shù)恼撐念}目，但所寫論文要與本專業(yè)所學(xué)課程有關(guān)。 （二）查閱資料、列出論文提綱 題目選定后，要在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下開展調(diào)研和進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，搜集、查閱有關(guān)資料，進(jìn)行加工、提煉，然后列出詳細(xì)的寫作提綱。 （三）完成初稿 根據(jù)所列提綱，按指導(dǎo)教師的意見認(rèn)真完成初稿。 （四）定稿 初稿須經(jīng)指導(dǎo)教師審閱，并按其意見和要求進(jìn)行修改，然后定稿。 首先建議你先列一個(gè)提綱，明確自己的目標(biāo)，到底方向在哪里，想寫什么，其實(shí)這是很重要的，即使你覺得你很難寫出一整篇論文，都必須要先明確你的論文想說什么。論文的內(nèi)容都不清楚，又如何去找資料呢？ 論文寫作，先不說內(nèi)容，首先格式要正確，一篇完整的畢業(yè)論文，題目，摘要（中英文），目錄，正文（引言，正文，結(jié)語），致謝，參考文獻(xiàn)。學(xué)校規(guī)定的格式，字體，段落，頁眉頁腳，開始寫之前，都得清楚的，你的論文算是寫好了五分之一。然后，選題，你的題目時(shí)間寬裕，那就好好考慮，選一個(gè)你思考最成熟的，可以比較多的閱讀相關(guān)的參考文獻(xiàn)，從里面獲得思路，確定一個(gè)模板性質(zhì)的東西，照著來，寫出自己的東西。正文，語言必須是學(xué)術(shù)的語言。一定先列好提綱，這就是框定每一部分些什么，保證內(nèi)容不亂，將內(nèi)容放進(jìn)去，寫好了就。
橋梁式集裝箱起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)113 1．前言………………………………………………………………………3 2．主要設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容及參數(shù)……………………………………4 3．主梁結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)……………………………………………………5 4．小車機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)……………………………………………………7 7．起吊機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)…………………………………………………11 6．支架設(shè)計(jì)……………………………………………………………14 8．設(shè)計(jì)小結(jié)……………………………………………………………15 9．主要參考文獻(xiàn)…………………………………………………16 10.圖紙文件設(shè)計(jì)前言 起重機(jī)被喻為“巨人之臂”，是廣泛用于國民經(jīng)濟(jì)各部門進(jìn)行物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)和裝卸搬運(yùn)的重要設(shè)備。起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)制造，從一個(gè)側(cè)面反映了國家的工業(yè)現(xiàn)代化水平。我國起重機(jī)制造業(yè)奠基于20世紀(jì)50年代。70年代以來，起重機(jī)的類型、規(guī)格、性能和技術(shù)水平獲得很大的發(fā)展。近年來在物流和工業(yè)企業(yè)發(fā)展的帶動(dòng)下，起重機(jī)行業(yè)進(jìn)入飛速發(fā)展時(shí)期。 起重機(jī)主要分為橋梁式、懸臂式、塔式、龍門式、拉索式、液壓伸縮臂式等形式。本設(shè)計(jì)以橋式雙梁單小車集裝箱起重機(jī)為例，介紹起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)思路、設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容以及設(shè)計(jì)方法。 起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)主要根據(jù)客戶要求，在符合國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及機(jī)械工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中對(duì)起重機(jī)的要求下進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)計(jì)方案的選擇主要通過與客戶溝通取得一致意見后確定，設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容主要包括在起重機(jī)的實(shí)際工作環(huán)境下確定起重機(jī)的最大額定載荷、非正常載荷（如沖擊載荷，風(fēng)力載荷、震動(dòng)載荷等）、操縱形式、使用壽命、檢修方式以及安全等級(jí)等；確定起重機(jī)主要零部件的選材以及機(jī)加工和材料處理的方法；確定起重機(jī)的工作級(jí)別；確定其主要受力梁的截面形式、截面大小以及梁的材料選擇和加工方法。由于橋梁式起重機(jī)體積和質(zhì)量都比較大，所以在設(shè)計(jì)過程中還應(yīng)考慮起重機(jī)的運(yùn)輸方案和安裝方法。一 主要設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容及參數(shù)1、起重機(jī)首先要確定的是工作級(jí)別本設(shè)計(jì)的起重機(jī)用于集裝箱生產(chǎn)制造或物流行業(yè)。 起吊件為生產(chǎn)下線的集裝箱，或物流行業(yè)待裝貨的集裝箱，所以都是空箱。起吊重量為5T 根據(jù)起重機(jī)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，不管是集裝箱生產(chǎn)行業(yè)還是物流行業(yè)都是生產(chǎn)節(jié)奏比較快的，因此該起重機(jī)的工作級(jí)別定為A5級(jí)，起吊機(jī)構(gòu)工作級(jí)別為M5。2、根據(jù)以上所規(guī)定級(jí)別設(shè)置設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容及參數(shù)a.主梁結(jié)構(gòu) 主梁涉及到的主要設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容或參數(shù)主要有：主梁的截面形式、截面大小、所用材料、制作方法、主梁上平面的平面度、側(cè)面的平面度和垂直度、主梁應(yīng)該具有的上拱度，還有主梁上的軌道安裝等等。b.支架結(jié)構(gòu) 支架需要設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容和參數(shù)包括：截面形式、截面大小、使用材料、制作方法、支腿的垂直度誤差、支腿與地面的連接方式等等。c.小車機(jī)構(gòu) 小車機(jī)構(gòu)要設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容和參數(shù)包括：小車架設(shè)計(jì)；起吊機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)；小車行走機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。根據(jù)起吊重量設(shè)計(jì)小車架截面；根據(jù)所需要元件的安裝位置設(shè)計(jì)小車架的結(jié)構(gòu)；根據(jù)工作級(jí)別設(shè)計(jì)行走機(jī)構(gòu)中電機(jī)的功率和類型；根據(jù)起吊高度確定卷筒的直徑和長度；根據(jù)工作級(jí)別確定主電機(jī)的功率以及減速機(jī)的型號(hào)。確定其他一些元件的型號(hào)。應(yīng)符合起重機(jī)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的相關(guān)內(nèi)容；控制電路屬于電氣范疇在此不予討論。 本文來自: 一流設(shè)計(jì)吧( 16sheji8 ) 詳細(xì)出處參考： http:// 16sheji8 /onews.asp?id=1220
恩，好的 吧，土木工程畢業(yè)論文參考文獻(xiàn)資料有一份.
我只知道中文的，你可以看下（土木工程），OA期刊，可以免費(fèi)下載文獻(xiàn)
我畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的時(shí)候翻譯過英文論文，不過只有3000字，不知道行不行，如果需要給我發(fā)信息。
Improved nonlinear plastic hinge analysis of space frame structures J.Y. Richard Liew a,*, H. Chen a, N.E. Shanmugam a, W.F. Chen b a Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore b School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Received 5 January 1999; received in revised form 17 August 1999; accepted 25 August 1999 Abstract This paper is concerned with second-order plastic hinge analysis of three-dimensional frame structures. The beam–column formulation is based on the use of stability interpolation functions for the transverse displacements, and considers the elastic coupling effects between axial, flexural and torsional displacements. The developed computer program can be used to predict accurately the elastic flexural buckling load of columns and frames by modelling each physical member as one element. It can also be used to predict the elastic buckling loads associated with axial-torsional and lateral-torsional instabilities, which are essential for predicting the nonlinear behaviour of space frame structures. The member bowing effect and initial out-of-straightness are also considered so that the nonlinear spatial behaviour of structures can be captured with fewer elements per member. Material nonlinearity is modelled by using the concentrated plastic hinge approach. Plastic hinge between the member ends is allowed to occur. Numerical examples including both geometric and material nonlinearities are used to demonstrate the robustness, accuracy and efficiency of the proposed analytical method and computer program. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Advanced analysis; Buckling; Nonlinear analysis; Plastic hinges; Space frames; Instability 1. Introduction Two-dimensional (2-D) plastic hinge analysis of plane frames composed of members with compact section, fully braced out-of-plane, has been the subject for investigation in recent years. The theory for advanced inelastic analysis of rigid and semi-rigid 2-D frames has been well developed and verified by tests [1,2]. These analysis methods fulfil the requirements for the prediction of member strength and stability, with some constraints, satisfying the conventional column and beam–column design limit-state checks. Although there have been much work on the plastic hinge analysis of 3-D frame structures, the issues related to different theoretical and numerical formulations and their accuracy and efficiency in solving large frameworks are not addressed well. The research presented in this paper is an extension of advanced analysis for 2-D frames [2] to 3-D frames [3– 5], reflecting the current trend towards the rationalisation of advanced analysis procedures. * Corresponding 改進(jìn)非線性塑性鉸空間框架結(jié)構(gòu)的分析 摘要： 這份研究報(bào)告表明三維的框架結(jié)構(gòu)與二維邏輯性塑性鉸的關(guān)聯(lián)，梁柱公式化的表述并嵌入橫斷面移動(dòng)為基準(zhǔn)，并考慮軸力、彎曲和扭力的移位之間的關(guān)系。發(fā)達(dá)的計(jì)算機(jī)程序作出通過每個(gè)物質(zhì)成分作為一個(gè)基本部件做模型的塔器和框架可彎曲的負(fù)載量，它也能預(yù)報(bào)可彎曲負(fù)載量與軸向扭力和橫向扭力的不穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)聯(lián)，這對(duì)預(yù)報(bào)非線性空間結(jié)構(gòu)的作用是必不可少的，以便非線性空間結(jié)構(gòu)的性能和部分成分一些原理能被輸入計(jì)算機(jī)。重要的非線性通過使用濃縮的塑性鉸方式被制作模型，塑性鉸和成分末端是容許存在。數(shù)值的例子包括集合學(xué)和重要的非線性，兩者習(xí)慣于證明目的的分析方法和電腦程序的穩(wěn)定性，精確性。
Health care A new prescription for the poor 為貧窮者新開的處方 America is developing a two-tier health system, one for those with private insurance, the other for the less well-off 美國正在發(fā)展一個(gè)雙重的健康系統(tǒng)，一重是為那些有個(gè)人保險(xiǎn)的人群，而另一重則是為那些不那么富裕的人群 Oct 8th 2011 | NEW YORK | from the print edition “IT’S time for Dancing with the Stars!”, a woman announces enthusiastically. At this New York health centre, wedged between housing projects to the east and Chinatown to the west, “dancing with the stars” means dancing with a physical therapist. An old man stands up with a nurse and begins a determined samba. “是時(shí)候和明星一起跳舞了！”一位女士滿懷熱情地宣告。在這個(gè)坐落于房屋工程的西面，唐人街東面的紐約健康中心，“和明星起舞”的意思是和一位物理治療師跳舞。一位老者和一個(gè)護(hù)士站起來，開始跳事先確定好的桑巴舞。 Comprehensive Care Management (CCM), which runs this centre, tries to keep old people active. To do so, explains Joseph Healy, the chief operating officer, is in the company’s best interest. The government pays CCM a capped rate for the care of its members. If someone gets sick, his health costs rise and the company’s margin shrinks. Mr Healy argues that the system is the best way to provide good care at a low cost. Increasingly others seem to agree. 經(jīng)營這個(gè)中心的綜合護(hù)理管理部門（CCM）努力保持老人們的活力。約瑟夫-海莉，首席運(yùn)營官解釋說，這樣做符合公司 的最佳利益。政府給這個(gè)部門一個(gè)封頂?shù)慕蛸N來讓他們照顧這些人。如果有人生病了，他的健康成本就會(huì)上升，公司的利潤就會(huì)萎縮。海莉先生確定說這個(gè)系統(tǒng)能夠 在一個(gè)低成本上提供最佳的護(hù)理。其他人也逐漸同意這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。 Medicaid, America’s health programme for the poor, is in the process of being transformed. Over the next three years, New York will move its entire Medicaid population into “managed care”, paying companies a set rate to tend to the poor, rather than paying a fee for each service. New York is not alone. States from California to Mississippi are expanding managed care. It is the culmination of a steady shift in the way most poor Americans receive their health-care treatment. 公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助，即美國的窮人健康計(jì)劃，正在被改造的過程中。在接下來的 三年內(nèi)，紐約將把整個(gè)接受窮人健康計(jì)劃的人群納入“管理關(guān)懷”之中，付給公司們一個(gè)事先定好的費(fèi)用來照顧那些窮人，而不是按照項(xiàng)目來付費(fèi)。紐約不是唯一這 樣做的州。加州，密西西比州正在拓展管理關(guān)懷計(jì)劃。這代表一種正在進(jìn)行中的穩(wěn)步轉(zhuǎn)變，即大部分貧窮美國人接受健康關(guān)懷方式的轉(zhuǎn)變。 Medicaid is America’s sin*** biggest health programme. This year roughly one in five Americans will be covered by Medicaid for a month or more. It gobbles more federal and local money than any state programme, other than education. Costs will rise even more when Barack Obama’s health-care reform expands the programme by easing eligibility rules in 2014. Congress’s “supercommittee” is already considering cuts. However, there are more immediate pressures behind the present drive for change. 公 共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助是美國最大的單一健康計(jì)劃。今年，五個(gè)美國人中的一個(gè)就會(huì)被納入該計(jì)劃一個(gè)月或更長時(shí)間。除了教育之外，它比其他任何州的財(cái)政計(jì)劃耗去更多聯(lián)邦 和地方的經(jīng)費(fèi)。當(dāng)2014年奧巴馬的健康保險(xiǎn)改革放寬適用人群而使整個(gè)計(jì)劃更加龐大的時(shí)候，成本將會(huì)進(jìn)一步上升。眾議院的“超級(jí)委員會(huì)”已經(jīng)在考慮削減經(jīng) 費(fèi)。然而，選擇這種變化，將會(huì)有更多即刻的壓力存在。 Enrolment in Medicaid jumped during the downturn, from 42.7m in December 2007 to 50.3m in June 2010. Mr Obama’s stimulus bill helped to pay for some of this, but that money has dried up. Faced with gaping deficits, some desperate governors slashed payments to hospitals and doctors, or refused to pay for trips to the dentist or oculist. But much the most important result has been structural: the expansion of managed care. 公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助計(jì)劃的參與人數(shù)在經(jīng)濟(jì)滑坡期間從2007年 12月的 4270萬人跳到了2010年6月的5030萬人。奧巴馬先生的經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激經(jīng)費(fèi)能夠幫助付掉其中的一部分，但是錢已經(jīng)被用光。面對(duì)資金短缺，一些絕望的州長 砍掉了給醫(yī)院和醫(yī)生的補(bǔ)助，或是拒絕支付牙醫(yī)和眼科醫(yī)生的旅行費(fèi)用。但是，更多地，最重要的結(jié)果是結(jié)構(gòu)上的：管理關(guān)懷的拓展。 States have dabbled in managed care for decades. The trend accelerated in the 1990s, with the share of Medicaid patients under this form of care reaching 72% by 2009. Now, however, there is a strong push for the remainder. States that did not have managed care, such as Louisiana, are introducing it. Other states are extending it to people previously deemed off limits: California and New York, for example, are moving the elderly and disabled into that system of care. Texas is targeting more than 400,000 Medicaid beneficiaries in the Rio Grande Valley. Local politicians had resisted the move, nervous that care might deteriorate. But the yawning deficit meant that they were overruled. 各個(gè)州涉足管理關(guān)懷已經(jīng)有幾 十年的歷史了。這個(gè)趨勢(shì)在90年代得到**發(fā)展，在2009年前使用這種護(hù)理方式的公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助病人占到了72%?，F(xiàn)在，對(duì)于剩下的人，這也是很強(qiáng)的推動(dòng) 力。像路易斯安那州這樣沒有管理關(guān)懷的州正在引進(jìn)管理關(guān)懷。其他州也把這個(gè)拓展到原先被認(rèn)為不適用的人群：舉例說像加州和紐約州，正在把老人和殘障人士納 入這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，德州的目標(biāo)是在格蘭德河谷超過400000公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助收益人群。地方政治家反對(duì)這個(gè)舉動(dòng)，他們擔(dān)心這個(gè)護(hù)理系統(tǒng)將會(huì)變質(zhì)。但是巨大的赤字 意味著他們的觀點(diǎn)注定要被批駁。 The result is a country with two distinct tiers of health care. Most Americans with private insurance are still horrified by thoughts of health-management organisations and prefer to pay fees for each medical service. For the poor, managed care is becoming the norm. 結(jié)果就是一個(gè)國家有兩套截然不同的健康保險(xiǎn)系統(tǒng)。大多數(shù)有個(gè)人保險(xiǎn)的美國人仍舊害怕那些健康管理組織的想法而寧愿為單獨(dú)的醫(yī)療服務(wù)付費(fèi)。對(duì)于窮人來說，管理關(guān)懷已經(jīng)成為一種常規(guī)。 Advocates of managed care have high expectations. First, they hope that it will make costs more predictable. Second, they believe that the change will improve patients’ health. In managed care, a patient has a network of doctors and specialists. If the programme works properly, doctors can monitor all aspects of care, in contrast to the fragmented fee-for-service system. The contracts that states have with firms can set standards for quality. Texas, for instance, will cut 5% from a company’s payment if it does not meet what is required. 管理關(guān)懷的鼓吹者有著很高的 期待。首先，他們希望這能讓成本變得可以預(yù)測(cè)，其次，他們相信，這個(gè)改變可以改善病人的健康。在管理關(guān)懷中，一個(gè)病人有一個(gè)由醫(yī)生和專家組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。如果 這個(gè)計(jì)劃運(yùn)行良好，醫(yī)生可以監(jiān)測(cè)關(guān)懷的各個(gè)方面，相對(duì)于分離的的按服務(wù)付錢的系統(tǒng)來說。州政府和公司的合同可以為質(zhì)量定下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。德州，舉例說，將會(huì)在付款 中扣除5%如果公司沒有達(dá)到要求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 The next step is to integrate care for those eligible for both Medicaid and Medicare, the federal programme for the old. These “duals” account for almost 40% of Medicaid’s costs and just 15% of its population. “If managed care can really deliver better care than fee-for-service”, says Diane Rowland, chair of the commission that advises Congress on Medicaid, “this is the population that could prove it.” 下一步是整合那些同時(shí)符合公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助和長者醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助計(jì)劃（聯(lián)邦老人醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助）的人群。這些“雙符合”人群占據(jù)了將近40%的公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ) 助成本和僅僅15%的人口數(shù)量?！叭绻芾黻P(guān)懷能真正比按項(xiàng)目付費(fèi)帶來更好的服務(wù)”，戴安-羅蘭德，委員會(huì)（指導(dǎo)國會(huì)在公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助政策上進(jìn)行決策）主任 說：“這是一群能證明管理關(guān)懷可行的人?！? But some, such as Norma Vescovo, are sceptical. As the head of the non-profit Independent Living Centre of Southern California (ILCSC), Ms Vescovo serves Medicaid patients with severe health problems. Over the years she has often sued California on policies that she thinks will hurt her vulnerable clients. On October 3rd her case moved to the Supreme Court. 但是一些人，例如像諾瑪-凡斯科夫就對(duì)此表示懷疑。作為非盈利的南加州獨(dú)立生活中心主任，凡斯科夫女士服務(wù)于那些有嚴(yán)重健康問題的接受公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助的病人。在這些年間，她經(jīng)常控告加州政府在一些政策上會(huì)傷害她的一些脆弱的客戶。在10月3日，她的案子被移到了上訴法院。 The outcome of Douglas v Independent Living Centre will have profound implications for the future of Medicaid. Ms Vescovo’s suit concerns cuts to hospitals and doctors. But the case will also guide the course of managed care. If ILCSC and its co-plaintiffs win, private groups will continue to be able to challenge states on policies they think violate federal Medicaid law. Ms Vescovo, who argues that California’s payment cuts would eviscerate her clients’ access to services, worries that under managed care the disabled might not be able to see the specialists they need. 道格拉斯 v 獨(dú)立生活中心的結(jié)果將會(huì)對(duì)公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助有深遠(yuǎn)的意義。凡斯科夫女士的訴訟影響到醫(yī)院和醫(yī)生的津貼削減。但是這個(gè)案子將會(huì)引領(lǐng)管理關(guān)懷的進(jìn)程。如果中心和其 他原告勝訴，私人團(tuán)體將會(huì)繼續(xù)在那些他們認(rèn)為違反聯(lián)邦法律的政策上挑戰(zhàn)州政府。凡斯科夫女士認(rèn)為說加州的支付削減計(jì)劃會(huì)讓她的客戶失去得到服務(wù)的機(jī)會(huì)，她 還擔(dān)心，在管理關(guān)懷之下，那些殘障人士可能不能見到那些他們需要的專家。 The question is how to supervise the experiments with managed care that are being carried out in various states. To date, Medicaid beneficiaries have been able to challenge the states in court. However, if the Supreme Court rules against ILCSC, that avenue will be closed. The Centres for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) technically can intervene if states do not provide proper access to care. In reality, CMS has few tools to do so. 問 題是怎么監(jiān)管在不同州試運(yùn)行的管理關(guān)懷。到目前為止，公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助受益者已經(jīng)能夠在法庭中挑戰(zhàn)政府。然而，如果上訴法庭結(jié)果不利于中心，那么這條路將會(huì)被 關(guān)閉。如果州政府沒有提供合適的關(guān)懷的話，公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助和長者醫(yī)療關(guān)懷中心理論上是能對(duì)此進(jìn)行干涉，但事實(shí)上，他們沒有太多辦法。 “I’m a big fan of managed care”, says Sara Rosenbaum, a professor at George Washington University, “but this transformation may happen with almost no federal oversight.” Medicaid beneficiaries are vulnerable, in worse health than Americans as a whole. Companies may strug*** to cut costs and provide good care as well. If states do not draft their contracts properly, or fail to be vigilant in monitoring patients’ health, their experiment in managed care could be a disaster. On the other hand, if states are careful they could provide an answer to the question that has vexed America for years: how to provide good, cheap health care. “我是 管理關(guān)懷的擁護(hù)者”，薩拉-羅森博姆，一位喬治華盛頓大學(xué)教授說，“但是這種轉(zhuǎn)變可能在沒有聯(lián)邦監(jiān)管的情況下發(fā)生?！惫册t(yī)療補(bǔ)助的受益者和你脆弱，健康 程度整體上比一般美國人要差。公司可能在削減成本的同時(shí)掙扎著同樣提供良好的服務(wù)。如果州政府們不好好起草他們的合同，或沒有警覺地監(jiān)控病人的健康的話， 他們?cè)诠芾黻P(guān)懷上的實(shí)驗(yàn)可能會(huì)是一場(chǎng)災(zāi)難。另一方面，如果州政府們認(rèn)真的話，他們能為那個(gè)困擾美國人多年的問題提供答案，即怎么提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的便宜的健康關(guān) 懷。
Electric Power Systems 電力系統(tǒng) The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before. 現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的電力供應(yīng)依賴于更多地比以往任何時(shí)候。 It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world. 它無法想象的世界應(yīng)該是什么，如果電力供應(yīng)中斷了世界各地。 Electric power systems (or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world. 電力系統(tǒng)（或電力能源系統(tǒng)），提供電力到現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，已成為不可缺少的組成部分產(chǎn)業(yè)界的。 The first complete electric power system (comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads) was built by Thomas Edison – the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882. 第一個(gè)完整的電力系統(tǒng)（包括發(fā)電機(jī)，電纜，熔斷器，計(jì)量，并加載）的托馬斯愛迪生所建-站紐約市珍珠街的歷史始于1882年9月運(yùn)作。 This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius. The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system. 這是一個(gè)半徑直流系統(tǒng)組成的一個(gè)蒸汽發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的直流發(fā)電機(jī)面積約1.5公里至59供電范圍內(nèi)的客戶。負(fù)載，其中包括完全的白熾燈，為V提供110通過地下電纜系統(tǒng)。 Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world. With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems. This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world. In spite of the initial widespread use of DC systems, they were almost completely superseded by AC systems. By 1886, the limitations of DC systems were becoming increasingly apparent. They could deliver power only a short distance from generators. 在一個(gè)類似的系統(tǒng)在大多數(shù)大城市在世界各地運(yùn)行數(shù)年。隨著馬達(dá)的弗蘭克斯普拉格發(fā)展在1884年，電機(jī)負(fù)載被添加到這些系統(tǒng)。這是什么開始發(fā)展成為世界上最大的產(chǎn)業(yè)之一。在最初的直流系統(tǒng)廣泛使用盡管如此，他們幾乎完全被空調(diào)系統(tǒng)所取代。到1886年，直流系統(tǒng)的局限性也日益明顯。他們可以提供功率只有很短的距離從發(fā)電機(jī)。 To keep transmission power losses ( I 2 R ) and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission. Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power; therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformation became a necessity. 為了保持發(fā)射功率損失（我2 R）和電壓下降到可接受的水平，電壓等級(jí)，必須長途輸電高。如此高的電壓不發(fā)電和電力消耗可以接受的，因此，電壓轉(zhuǎn)換成為一個(gè)方便的手段的必要性。 The development of the transformer and AC transmission by L. Gaulard and JD Gibbs of Paris, France, led to AC electric power systems. 在發(fā)展的變壓器，法國和交流輸電由L.巴黎戈拉爾和JD吉布斯導(dǎo)致交流電力系統(tǒng)。 In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland. 1889年，第一次在北美交流傳輸線將在俄勒岡州波特蘭之間威拉梅特大瀑布和實(shí)施。 It was a sin***-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km. With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the AC system became even more attractive. By 1888, Tesla held several patents on AC motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems. Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day AC systems.這是一個(gè)單相線路傳輸功率為4,000公里，超過21 V系統(tǒng)的距離。隨著交流的發(fā)展多相系統(tǒng)由尼古拉特斯拉，成為更具吸引力的。通過1888年，特斯拉舉行交流多項(xiàng)專利電動(dòng)機(jī)，發(fā)電機(jī)，變壓器和輸電系統(tǒng)。西屋公司購買了這些早期的發(fā)明專利，并形成了系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)，現(xiàn)在的交流。 In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC. By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons: 在19世紀(jì)90年代，有很大的爭(zhēng)議或交流電力行業(yè)是否應(yīng)該統(tǒng)一于直流。到了世紀(jì)之交的，在交流系統(tǒng)贏得了原因出在下面的直流系統(tǒng)為： （1）Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thus providing the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption. （1）電壓水平可以很容易地改變了空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，從而提供了傳輸?shù)撵`活性，發(fā)電用不同的電壓和消費(fèi)。 （2）AC generators are much simpler than DC generators. （2）交流發(fā)電機(jī)簡單得多比直流發(fā)電機(jī)。 （3）AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC motors. （三）交流電機(jī)和電機(jī)便宜簡單得多，比直流。 The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893——a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California. 前三個(gè)階段的美國北線投產(chǎn)于1893年- 1 2300五，南加州12公里路線研究。 In the early period of AC power transmission, frequency was not standardized. 在電力傳輸初期交流，頻率不規(guī)范。 Many different frequencies were in use: 25, 50, 60, 125, and 133 Hz. 有許多不同頻率的使用：25，50，60，125，和133赫茲。 This poses a problem for interconnection. Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although 50 Hz was used in many other countries. 這對(duì)互連的問題。最后60赫茲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獲得通過，成為美國在北美，雖然是50赫茲在許多其他國家使用。 The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to use progressively high voltage levels. To avoid the proliferation of an unlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels. In USA, the standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage (HV) class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage (EHV) class. In China, the voltage levels in use are 10, 35, 110 for HV class, and 220, 330 (only in Northwest China) and 500 kV for EHV class . 較長的距離越來越需要大量的電力傳輸多激勵(lì)他們逐步使用高壓的水平。為了避免電壓增殖數(shù)量無限，業(yè)界標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電壓水平。在美國，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是115，138， 161，和230千伏的高電壓（高壓）類，345，500和765千伏級(jí)的特高電壓（超高壓）。在中國，各級(jí)使用電壓為10，35，110級(jí)高壓， 220，中國330（僅在西北）和500千伏超高壓類。 The first 750 kVtransmission line will be built in the near future in Northwest China. 第一個(gè)750 kVtransmission線將建在不久的將來在中國西北地區(qū)。 With the development of the AC/DC converting equipment, high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission systems have become more attractive and economical in special situations. 隨著交流的發(fā)展/直流轉(zhuǎn)換設(shè)備，高壓直流高壓直流（HVDC）傳輸系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)成為更具吸引力的經(jīng)濟(jì)和情況特殊。 The HVDC transmission can be used for transmission of large blocks of power over long distance, and providing an asynchronous link between systems where AC interconnection would be impractical because of system stability consideration or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different. 在高壓直流輸電可用于輸電塊以上的大長途電話，并提供不同系統(tǒng)間的異步連接在AC聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)將是不切實(shí)際的，因?yàn)榉€(wěn)定考慮，或因標(biāo)稱頻率的系統(tǒng)。 The basic requirement to a power system is to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptable voltages and frequency. 基本要求到電源系統(tǒng)是提供一個(gè)不間斷的能源供應(yīng)，以客戶可接受的電壓和頻率。 Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way, the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously. A fault or misoperation in any stages of a power system may possibly result in interruption of electricity supply to the customers. 由于電力無法大量儲(chǔ)存在一個(gè)簡單的方法和經(jīng)濟(jì)，電力的生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)必須同時(shí)進(jìn)行。系統(tǒng)的故障或誤操作的權(quán)力在任何階段可能導(dǎo)致電力供應(yīng)中斷給客戶。 Therefore, a normal continuous operation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance. 因此，一個(gè)正常的電力系統(tǒng)連續(xù)運(yùn)行的，提供可靠的電力供應(yīng)給客戶的重要性是至關(guān)重要的。 Power system stability may be broadly defined as the property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance. 電力系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定，可廣泛定義為干擾財(cái)產(chǎn)的權(quán)力系統(tǒng)，可繼續(xù)經(jīng)營的狀態(tài)下正常運(yùn)行的平衡條件和后向遭受恢復(fù)一個(gè)可以接受的平衡狀態(tài)。 Instability in a power system may be manifested in many different ways depending on the system configuration and operating mode. 在電力系統(tǒng)的不穩(wěn)定可能會(huì)表現(xiàn)在經(jīng)營方式和多種不同的方式取決于系統(tǒng)配置。 Traditionally, the stability problem has been one of maintaining synchronous operation. Since power systems rely on synchronous machines for generation of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remain in synchronism or, colloquially "in step". This aspect of stability is influenced by the dynamics of generator rotor an***s and power-an*** relationships, and then referred to " rotor an*** stability ". 傳統(tǒng)上，穩(wěn)定性問題一直是一個(gè)保持同步運(yùn)行。由于電力系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電電力，一個(gè)令人滿意的系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的必要條件是，依靠同步電機(jī)同步電機(jī)都留在同步或通俗的“步驟”。這一方面是受穩(wěn)定的發(fā)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子的動(dòng)態(tài)角度和功角的關(guān)系，然后提到“轉(zhuǎn)子角穩(wěn)定”。
Lesson 7 Transportation Systems交通運(yùn) 輸系統(tǒng) Transportation system in a developed nation consists of a network of modes that have evolved over many years. The system consists of vehicles, guideways, terminal facilities and control systems: these operate according to established procedures and schedules in the air,on land, and on water. The system also requires interaction with the user, the operator and the environment. The systems that are in place reflect the multitude of decisions made by shippers, carriers, government, individual travelers, and affected nonusers concerning the investment in or the use of transportation. The transportation system that has evolved has produced a variety of modes that complement each other. 在發(fā)達(dá)國家，交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)由網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)組成的模式已經(jīng)發(fā)展了好多年。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)由交通工具、軌道、站場(chǎng)設(shè)施和控制系統(tǒng)組成。這些依照空中、陸上和水上已制定的程序和計(jì)劃運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)也需要和用戶、司機(jī)和環(huán)境互動(dòng)?，F(xiàn)在的運(yùn)輸體系可以反映出與投資和使用有關(guān)的多方?jīng)Q定，包括運(yùn)輸業(yè)主、承運(yùn)商、政府、每個(gè)出行者以及受影響的非使用者等。逐步發(fā)展的交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)形成了各種互補(bǔ)模式。 The U. S. transportation system today is a highly developed, complex network of modes and facilities that furnishes shippers and travelers with a wide range of choices in terms of services provided. Each mode offers a unique set of service characteristics in terms of travel time, frequency, comfort, reliability, convenience and safety. The term level of service is used to describe the relative values of these attributes. The traveler or shipper must compare the level of service offered with the cost in order to make tradeoffs and mode selection. Furthermore, a shipper or traveler can decide to use a public carrier or to use private (or personal) transportation. For example, a manufacturer can ship goods through a trucking firm or with company trucks, a homeowner who has been relocated can hire a household moving company or rent a truck, and a commuter can elect to ride the bus to work or drive a car. Each of these decisions involves a complex set of factors that require
我有，我發(fā)你
結(jié)構(gòu)工程師很早就認(rèn)識(shí)到部件延展性, 即是 （member rotation, 具體學(xué)術(shù)名我不知道，大概是 “部件旋轉(zhuǎn)力或扭力”）， 在鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)中去重新分配受力時(shí)間和吸收動(dòng)態(tài)，地震和爆炸載荷的重要性。 真正的理解回轉(zhuǎn)原理是一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)主要因?yàn)殇摻罨炷恋膹?fù)雜和多變的行為特性， 而這種困難體現(xiàn)在對(duì)于它緩慢卻穩(wěn)步的研究進(jìn)程。 在這篇論文中， 將對(duì)鋼筋混凝土的回轉(zhuǎn)原理的三個(gè)構(gòu)成部分進(jìn)行描述。 這種由于對(duì)鋼筋穿透產(chǎn)生的回轉(zhuǎn)將會(huì)用不完全相互作用理論來進(jìn)行數(shù)學(xué)量化， 這個(gè)過程取決于成鍵特性。然后用得到的結(jié)果跟已發(fā)表的實(shí)踐性方法所得到的結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較。 最后， 一個(gè)由于鋼筋斷裂所產(chǎn)生的樞紐長度將會(huì)用數(shù)學(xué)方法建立起來。 具體專業(yè)名詞不太懂了。
以剛才描述的那樣的梁說明，如果早在之前的時(shí)間取決于變形出現(xiàn)，持續(xù)荷載撓度的成員的生活中應(yīng)用了短時(shí)間高峰負(fù)荷。 ＆sus 的第 3 步應(yīng)使用基于 （持續(xù)加峰值負(fù)載） 的總負(fù)載時(shí)刻 dingram Ⅰe，因?yàn)殚_裂將有可能導(dǎo)致窗體，加載的計(jì)費(fèi)將永久降低剛度的成員。